Thomas Hobbes State of Nature

Thomas Hobbes’ â€Å"State of Nature† contention: Morality as an essential for quiet social concurrence I have decided to expound on what Thomas Hobbes’ calls â€Å"The State of Nature† and how ethical quality is required so as to keep up harmony among various social orders. I will start by quickly portraying â€Å"The State of Nature† contention and light up a portion of the essential highlights inside this hypothetical circumstance. At that point, using selections from Hobbes’ book The Leviathan I will give explicit realities in regards to the states of human life as communicated inside the territory of nature.Next, I will show how these particular realities caused Hobbes’ to presume that human life inside the condition of nature will be controlled by consistent dread of others, also called the â€Å"state of war†. I will at that point offer answers for people to get away from such a terrible circumstance on the grounds that m ost of people would find that life under steady dread of being hurt is unsuitable. Next, I will talk about James Rachels’ convictions concerning the two key conditions that would at last permit individuals to get away from the condition of nature by empowering people to work together.Lastly, I will clarify why by setting up these two principal conditions it adds up to an understanding, known as the implicit understanding, between individuals to comply with the essential standards of profound quality; I will likewise characterize the term implicit understanding. The condition of nature contention recommends that individuals would normally do whatever was important to acquire their needs and wants without thinking about the results of their activities; there are no inborn virtues that control people’s activities nor is there unadulterated acceptable or evil.Hobbes’ composes that ethical quality fathoms the issue of societies’ propensity of personal responsi bility and is required so as to advance a sound, serene condition for all individuals (Rachels, 80). Hobbes’ accepted that life thusly would be short, hard, and dreadful. He feared an actual existence wherein there would be â€Å"no industry, no general public, no products, no letters, no expressions, and no record of time† (Rachels, 81/Excerpt from The Leviathan). There are four fundamental realities about existence which as indicated by Hobbes’ would make life terrible; they are the equity of need, shortage, the basic balance of human force, and constrained selflessness (Rachels, 81).More explicitly, these four realities feature that all people require a similar essential things so as to endure, for example, food and sanctuary anyway the world isn't outfitted with the best possible measure of these required assets to gracefully all creatures with and nobody individual is qualified for a bigger portion of these products than another individual since everybody i s fit for being overwhelmed or outmaneuvered; in conclusion, this represents an issue since everybody will place the necessities of themselves above others in the midst of contention so all people must have the option to go to bat for themselves.No one individual is always amazing than another person anyway a person’s want to control others represents a significant concern; Hobbes’ accepts that human life inside the condition of nature will be governed by consistent dread of others. Hobbes’ states that the most noticeably terrible outcome, stemming, of the condition of nature contention is the â€Å"continual dread and peril of fierce death† (Rachels, 81/Excerpt from The Leviathan). Hobbes kept up that the steady to and fro intervention between the feeling of dread and the feeling of expectation is the characterizing standard of every single human activity. Either dread or expectation is available consistently in all people.In an acclaimed entry of Leviat han, Hobbes expresses that the most noticeably awful part of the condition of nature is the â€Å"continual dread and threat of brutal passing. † In the condition of nature, as Hobbes portrays it, people instinctively want to acquire as much force and â€Å"good† as possible, and there are no laws keeping them from hurting or murdering others to accomplish what they want. Along these lines, the condition of nature is a condition of consistent war, wherein people live in interminable dread of each other. This dread, in mix with their resources of reason, instigates men to keep the central law of nature and look for harmony among each other.Peace is accomplished distinctly by meeting up to fashion an implicit agreement, whereby men agree to being administered in a district represented by one preeminent power. Dread makes the confusion endemic to the condition of nature, and dread maintains the quiet request of the common federation. The agreement that makes the ward is p roduced due to people’s dread, and it is authorized by dread. Since the sovereign at the commonwealth’s head holds the ability to in essence rebuff any individual who breaks the agreement, the normal dread of such mischief constrains subjects to maintain the agreement and submit to the sovereign’s will.

Much ado about nothing

A lot of excitement about something that is not important is a sentimental captivating parody composed by William Shakespeare. By concentrating on connections, the creator of the play features the effect of misleading to solidarity, love and satisfaction. Trickiness is the gadget the characters use to either crush or improve each other’s lives. The adoration connections are either manufacture or decimated because of stunts, jealousy or insignificant awful luck.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Much ado about nothing explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Similarly, a portion of the characters discover bliss in lying or playing stunts to their companions or darlings so as to accomplish their own childish desire. Shockingly, the part of self-trickiness emerges among a couple of characters. Compactly, the topic of double dealing rotates around affection connections in the play. In this way, the subtle bonds made between various characters are frail chiefly in light of the fact that they are expand on the establishment of misdirection as elucidated in the following conversation. As indicated by Shakespeare, an affection relationship resembles destiny and accordingly, just a self-misleading individual can isolate two individuals who have a typical intrigue. Set in a regal domain, Claudio declares his expectation of pursuing and in the long run, wedding Hero who has illustrious blood. Fortunately, Don Pedro the Spanish ruler urges Claudio to proceed with his arrangements. In spite of the fact that Benedick is against Claudio’s expectations of dating Hero, Claudio puts him off by saying â€Å"in mine eye she is the best woman that ever I looked on† (Shakespeare Act I scene I 135-137). Benedick bamboozles himself when he imagines that he can change Claudio’s mind/aims not to date Hero. For example, he says, â€Å"God disallow it ought to be so† (Shakespeare Act I scene I 140). During his discussio n with Don Pedro, Benedick’s reports that he doesn't mean to wed either. In any case, he doesn't have the foggiest idea what lies ahead (destiny conveys). Along these lines, Benedick’s conservative psyche or powerlessness to acknowledge different people’s feelings or aims propels him to lie ceaselessly to himself. Benedick’s battles to change Claudio’s expectations to wed Hero yet he doesn't succeed. Correspondingly, Beatrice rehearses self-double dealing, when she likewise announces that she is preferable of single over wedded. For instance in Act II she says â€Å"Just in the event that he sends me no spouse; for the, which favoring I am upon my knees each morning and evening† (Shakespeare Scene I 137-140). In spite of the fact that Beatrice’s petition is to stay single, she incidentally conflicts with her desire lastly weds Benedick.Advertising Looking for exposition on english writing? We should check whether we can support you! G et your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, her supplication/wish is a proof of self-double dealing among characters. In the long run, because of destiny, Claudio and Hero set out on an adoration Journey and Benedick’s and Beatrice end up in an affection relationship. In this manner, Shakespeare shows self-double dealing is a conduct, which may urge individuals to live in a forswearing, as it is the situation with Benedick and Beatrice. Likewise, self-double dealing can be the main the channel individuals can use to manufacture solid bonds. Progressively finished, through concentrating on self-trickery Shakespeare demoralizes individuals in the contemporary society against subverting their latent capacity or God’s goal. Another instance of trickery in the story emerges when Don Pedro doles out himself the obligation of charming Hero for Claudio. Be that as it may, Claudio doesn't confide in Don Pedro principally due to his prior subtle connection with Don John. D espite the fact that Don John is Don Pedro’s sibling, he misleads Claudio that his sibling cherishes Hero. In the long run, a contradiction results between Don Pedro and Claudio. Because of the consistent act of double dealing among the characters, Claudio accepts that Don Pedro is charming Hero for himself. The consistent acts of self-duplicity among the characters push them to see every single others as beguiling. In any case, Claudio’s relationship with Hero starts. In this way, Shakespeare edifies the contemporary society that double dealing can prompt disunity, family separate and battles. Moreover, a few people utilize the component of double dealing to vindicate or satisfy their self-desire, as it is the situation with Don John. When Claudio begins dating Hero, it is an exercise to the crowd or peruser that individuals ought not rush to pass judgment, accept or trust any negative considerations/words from companions, relatives and accomplices. Individuals ought not prevent themselves bliss in light of the fact that from securing simple charges from outsiders. Along these lines, in some cases double dealing can be a type of consolation to the influenced gatherings and in this manner, individuals should utilize that opportunity to accomplish their own desire. As indicated by Shakespeare, misdirection can be the best way to tackle social issues. For example, through falsehoods/trickiness Don John accomplishes his expectation of breaking the relationship or wedding among Claudio and Hero. Claudio mortifies Hero at the wedding when he understands or accepts that she is unfaithful (through deception).Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Much ado about nothing explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Don Pedro and Claudio likewise join in the open mortification of Hero while Margret the owner of the separation boldly watches the fall of Hero particularly when she blacks out during the wedding. In any case, Leonato and the Friar counterfeit Hero’s demise so as to find out reality. Through compassion, Claudio acknowledges to wed Leonato’s niece (who really is Hero). Because of trickiness and its inevitable effect, Claudio acknowledges to wed an outsider. Shockingly, the assembly (ladies) shows up in veils and Claudio needs to wear a cover during the wedding. This type of trickiness is helpful to both Claudio and Hero who cut off up building up a strong association. During the wedding, Claudio asks, â€Å"Which is the woman I should seize upon† (Shakespeare Act V scene IV 53)? This shows Claudio is prepared to wed any lady regardless of whether he doesn't cherish her. Subsequently, the creator shows that double dealing is the main way, which can help with unraveling testing circumstances particularly, which occurs because of misleading. Consequently, as indicated by Shakespeare marriage is a social foundation that may not really be expand on adoration. Claudio’s choi ce to wed an outsider is to empower him socially fit in the general public. In this manner, blame or repentant may not really be the primary inspiration driving his demonstration. Subsequently, misleading makes hallucination that in the long run, benefits the two gatherings. What's more, the creator additionally demonstrates that most connections particularly relationships are penniless or manufacture dependent on misdirection. Be that as it may, the way, where an individual handles the falsehoods/misdirections may fabricate or obliterate their future. In a nutshell, the primary subject featured in the play is double dealing. A large portion of the connections are either construct or annihilated in light of trickiness. In any case, behind any type of falsehood or duplicity consistently an enduring answer for a contention or issue develops. At the point when Shakespeare centers around the component of self-double dealing among his characters particularly Beatrice and Benedick, he dem oralizes the crowd against living in forbearance. Both Beatrice and Benedick don't have confidence in adoration or marriage relationship however in the end they wind up wedding one another. Besides, Shakespeare shows that through trickery people can take care of their social issues particularly in regards to adore connections, as it is the situation with Claudio and Hero.Advertising Searching for paper on english writing? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More In this manner, trickery is a piece of the general public. Notwithstanding, individuals ought to figure out how to tackle emphatically an issue expand on premise of misleading. At long last, despite the fact that duplicity makes strain in the play, the relationship expand on lies end up more grounded. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. A lot of excitement about something that is not important. New York: Penguin press, 1998. Print This exposition on Much ado about nothing was composed and presented by client Daphne Rush to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; notwithstanding, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

The Future of Job Search Strategies Findings of Career Jam 2017

The Future of Job Search Strategies Findings of Career Jam 2017 Good news! The Findings of 2017 Career Jam: Where Experts Forecast the New the Next, has been released by the Career Thought Leaders Consortium! This report summarizes the findings of brainstorming sessions about the future of job search strategies, which were held on December 1, 2017 in the United States, Canada, Spain, France, Austria, and the United Kingdom. Want to listen to a webinar about it? Go to this video about the future of job search strategies. Career Jam participants discussed topics with significant ramifications for job seekers: “best practices, innovations, trends, new programs, new processes, and other observations that are currently impacting, and are projected to impact, global employment, job search, and career management.” The sections that most interest me in the report are “Career Marketing Messages Documents” and “Social Media Profiles…” which include resumes, cover letters, and LinkedIn profiles, as well as other career marketing communications. I also wanted to highlight a couple of items for the future of job search strategy. Here are some of the findings and advice to keep in mind as you conduct your job search now or in the future: Career Marketing Messages Documents: Current Trends Resumes are not dead! While the use of LinkedIn profiles in the hiring process is on the rise in both the U.S. and Europe, most hiring managers still require a resume at some point in the hiring process, and your resume WILL make an impression. Use graphics. The use of graphic resumes is becoming more and more common â€" but make sure your graphics serve a specific purpose and communicate your value. Don’t get too creative. Infographic resumes are NOT hot. Supplemental materials in infographic form are welcome, however. ATS systems are becoming more advanced. Writers must satisfy both machines and humans with proper format and keywords. Make sure you’re on top of the latest capabilities and capacities of ATS systems. You might be surprised what they can and can’t understand. Job hopper? You’ll have a stigma to overcome if you’re a participant in the gig economy. The great cover letter debate: They are still important! When they are read, they can make the difference between candidates. Keep ‘em short and focused on a targeted, unique value proposition. Be careful about posting your resume to online job boards. Don’t put anything confidential on there! The public can gain access. Focus your career documents on what you can do for the employer. As I like to say, your resume is not about your past. It’s about your future. Track your success stories. Don’t wait until resume writing time to gather your successes. Keep a running list at all times! Career Marketing Messages Documents: What to Expect The use of multimedia will continue to increase. New tools will emerge. But the underlying message will remain, communicating your value. Cover letters will rebound. Lengthier cover letters might start to replace the resume. These letters would be highly researched and targeted to the company, for both contract workers and those applying to full-time positions. Social Media Profiles, Video Bios, Web Portfolios and Other Multimedia Tools: Current Trends Many of these recommendations can be found in my book, How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile. It’s good to see people are listening and also confirming what works! LinkedIn profiles are becoming more multi-media with the addition of video. Use LinkedIns media features to attract more and longer profile views. Slideshows, infographics, and videos are all game. Your social media profile content must be aligned with your resume. This doesn’t mean they must be exactly alike. But as more recruiters are sourcing and screening candidates’ social media profiles during the hiring process, make sure you provide good resume-like content on LinkedIn. There is a trend toward shorter LinkedIn sections. You don’t necessarily have to use all the characters available. But if you have enough good stuff to say, why not? LinkedIn profiles are less job-search focused. Professionals are using LinkedIn for general branding purposes, not just for job search. Use storytelling concepts in your LinkedIn profile. LinkedIn profiles are not a dry narrative of your resume. Instead, consider who your audience is and who YOU are, and brand yourself with a story that stands out. Don’t appear unemployed or desperate on LinkedIn! ‘Nuf said. Professionals are getting savvier in their online search optimization. Make sure you are savvy with your keywords and keyword placement too! Personal websites have not become integrated into the hiring process for most recruiters, but they are useful for long-term branding. Social Media Profiles, Video Bios, Web Portfolios and Other Multimedia Tools: What’s Next With more video interviewing, candidate-driven video resumes are not welcome. Companies will specify any video content they want and when. People are concerned about sharing of profiles with Microsoft integration. I’m not as concerned. I don’t think that many people will even use this fancy feature  (Microsoft Resume Assistant), and no one can steal your content if you write it as your unique self with accomplishments no one else can claim. The Future of Job Search Strategy Job search is now quality over quantity. In the future of job search, focus is on relationship building with recruiters and companies. Cultivate your chances of getting a job that’s a great fit instead of applying to hundreds where your chances are slim. Networking is king, especially with the burgeoning of employee referral programs. More individuals (millennials) are negotiating salary and benefits during the interview process. Indeed.com is the preferred job board to use, if you’re using job boards. What? Snail mail? YES â€" mailing hard copies will get you attention from hiring managers. Do it! More and more individuals are in constant job search mode. This means every professional should have a resume and LinkedIn profile that make them shine and that they are proud of! References are more important than ever. So cultivate your relationships with potential references always. States and organizations are prohibiting hiring managers from asking about previous salary. Get coaching if you’re concerned you might be asked this question â€" and understand the company’s compensation structure and philosophy before entering into salary negotiations. Also see my articles Salary Negotiation for Women Part 1  and Part 2. It’s important to stay on top of the latest in job search documents and strategies. The Executive Expert and The Essay Expert are here to keep you informed, and to create the best possible career documents for your success. Read more about the New and the Next in Networking, Traditional Online Job Search Strategies; How Employees are Screened, Interviewed, and Hired; The Changing Face of Jobs, The Diverse, Multigenerational Workforce Globalization; and other important career resources and topics at Findings of 2017 Career Jam: Where Experts Forecast the New the Next. Or listen to the webinar here.

Increasing Children’s Academic Self Esteem - 932 Words

Increasing Children’s Academic Self Esteem Hanich Jordan (2004) completed a study that showed that students have a realistic understanding of their academic skills. The method for this study was that students rated their competence in mathematics, reading and general intellect. Surprisingly, the student’s beliefs of their abilities were generally what their results showed. This study shed light on student’s awareness for their own need for reading comprehension improvement. This study agrees with the researcher that comprehension is an issue but also shows student self esteem is an issue as well. If students see the need to improve their comprehension ability surely teachers should see the same need. Students that think lowly of their abilities need to be motivated in the right direction. The more children are motivated and interested in reading the better readers they will become. In 2004, a study was done to increase children’s intrinsic motivation to read and reading efficacy (Guthrie et al., 2004). The results of the study showed that children’s intrinsic motivation to read increased during a 12 week Concept oriented reading Instruction (CORI) program. While this study shed light on the need to increase children’s motivation it doesn’t necessarily guarantee better results. A student can enjoy reading and still not comprehend too well. So the study did not show the improvement in reading skills or comprehension just an increased desire among students. In order forShow MoreRelated Parental Involvement in Education and its Effects on Student Academic Performance1159 Words   |  5 PagesParental Involvement in Education and its Effects on Student Academic Performance Educational standards have recently become a controversial issue especially in secondary schools. One of the controversial issues surrounding educational standards is the lack of parental involvement. 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It is, therefore, imperative that early childhood settings foster autonomy and develop age-appropriate social and emotional skills. This increasing independence must be fostered for children to grow, develop and become allowing them to function independently (autonomy). This is emphasised strongly th rough both the National Quality Standard and Early Years Learning Framework. This sense ofRead MoreObesity Literature Review1597 Words   |  7 PagesObesity Literature review I. Introduction Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse affect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy. Child obesity has been increasing dramatically and it has become one of the most common chronic conditions for youngsters and its accompanied by several psychological effects. As for the children it might lead to being isolated and having peer problems and sense of discrimination fromRead MoreAnalysis Of Arts And Music In Music And Education1524 Words   |  7 Pagesraise money through levies and taxes. Both options have shown to be ineffective. Research suggests that Arts and Music should be included in the educational system as it is critical in learning because it promotes cognitive development, develops self-esteem, and helps in understanding all other subjects. Cognitive development is vital in a child’s education. Anything that educators can do to help in this is beneficial. â€Å"Making art is a highly cognitive process that involves problem solving, criticalRead MoreExplain the Importance of Resilience in Children and Young People885 Words   |  4 Pageshowever, many other qualities associated with resilience which develop through children’s life experiences — the main ones can be summarised as follows: Good self esteem derives from being accepted by people whose relationship one values and from accomplishment in tasks one values. Praise, on its own, will not improve self-esteem; the child him or herself has also to ascribe value to the achievement. A belief in one’s own self-efficacy means having the qualities of optimism; ‘stickability’ and believingRead MoreTeaching Professionals Best Assist The Development Of Pupil s Self1691 Words   |  7 Pagesschool I work at answers the research question: ‘ ‘How can teaching professionals best assist the development of pupil’s self – esteem in the classroom? ‘ To undertake this research I had two aims: 1. To understand the ways that self- esteem develops and the impact of the classroom experience on self- esteem. 2. To reflect on and improve my own practice with a view to creating an atmosphere in the classroom where the children couldRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Cyber Bullying1705 Words   |  7 Pagesmedia lately that demonstrate the serious repercussions of cyber bullying. Cyberbullying may disrupt a teen’s positive learning and cause them to perform poorly in their academics, which can lead to them dropping out of school. The presence of cyberbullying in school has created many negative effect on teens, such as, low self-esteem, anxiety, depression and suicide. We need to find ways to protect our schools from cyberbullying because of the impact that it has on teens are detrimental. We can preventRead MoreThe Importance Of Early Childhood Friendship1267 Words   |  6 Pagesconsidering the tremendous impact it has on our well being. Early-childhood friendship is something that is frequently overlooked as a positive developmental influence. Preschool friendships are helpful in d eveloping social and emotional skills, increasing a sense of belonging and decreasing stress. People who feel lonely or socially isolated tend to be more depressed and have more health issues. Both boys and girls form strong attachments to others need social and emotional support. It is human natureRead MoreMediation : A Good Point1427 Words   |  6 Pagesthat happen such as being force to try drugs and stealing happens. How Peer Mediation can help Children to resolve Conflicts in School Parents were shown techniques of how to discuss their children’s emotions and they were less likely to blame them for past transgressions and to propose solutions to the children’s conflicts (Ross Lazinski, 2014). This is important because parents will gain their children s trust and be able to show them how to resolve their own conflict with their siblings and friends

Sing Along ABCs Song Version

Singing the ABC song has long been a favorite way to learn the alphabet in English. This song has the same melody as Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star. Click on the audio symbol to hear the song four times. Just listen the first time, and then try to sing along with song when it repeats. Sing this song often, and you will learn your ABCs quickly, too! Click to listen to the song and sing along! Sing Along Words and Letters A B C D E F G HI J K L M N O PQ R S T U and V W X Y and Z.Now Ive learned my ABCs. Tell me what you think of me! ABCs Pronunciation Guide eh like the open e sound in letee like the long e sound in the word tree A - eh-eeB - beeC - seeD - deeE - eeF - ehfG - jeeH - eh-eetchI - ah-eeJ - jeh-eeK - keh-eeL - ehlM - ehmN - ehnO - o-uP - peeQ - kjewR - arS - ehsT- teeU - you (pronounced like the pronoun you)V - veeX - eksY - why (pronounced like the question word you)Z - zee Practice the ABC Song on your own! More on Learning Correct English Pronunciation Learn how to pronounce English well by learning phonetic symbols. These symbols represent the sound of English words no matter the spelling.   English ConsonantsPronunciation of the Alphabet with Example WordsSpelling Quiz Page

Macbeth- ‘Film Proposal’ Rationale Free Essays

I was given the brief that, if I was a director how would I compose work on Macbeth on Act One, Scene Three of the play? I would begin by thinking on how I will present the following to the audience: the setting, the atmosphere, themes, characters and camera shots. I would decide to try and set the scene around 1000 AD and to do this I think that there should be no bright colours used. Traditional requirements need to be employed such as the transport would be by horse, and food which has been home produced e. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth- ‘Film Proposal’ Rationale or any similar topic only for you Order Now g. chickens. To create the atmosphere I would require a large variety of types of music. For example, a sad atmosphere I might use soft music from a flute, the typical Scottish bagpipes might create a happy atmosphere, while during the witches’ scene the sound of thunder could be heard in the background. In the third scene there are five different types of characters. I think that Macbeth and Banquo should both look strong and not cleanly shaven and I think that Macbeth should be very dirty, this would emphasize how ‘brave’ (1.2.16) and ‘noble’ (1.3.67) he is. Both Macbeth and Banquo’s clothes should be torn in places and looking exhausted. Macbeth could have a bearded? Ross and Angus need to have a clearer appearance and both should be cleanly shaven. All four of these characters should all speak very clearly to remind the audience the time of the setting of the play. I would like the three witches to look extremely ugly with facial hair i.e. moustache, long fingernails, long scruffy hair and warts. The uses of masks could make them look very unattractive. They should speak very ‘crockery’ and very slowing and abnormal. I would want to highlight a number of themes, one of them being the theme of supernatural. This theme is brought up during the witch’s scene at the beginning of scene three. I would like the audience to believe that they are inhuman and ‘weird’ (1.3.30). I will create this theme by making the witch’s unclear with the use of smoke therefore things which are unclear in that sense are abnormal/supernatural. I will also use special effects to make the three ‘witches vanish’ (1.3.77). Their general appearance as described above will make them look extremely mythical. I think that I would need to highlight the theme ‘light against dark’, this is what he says to other characters (light) and what he expresses to the audience what other characters can’t hear (dark). This theme is used a number of times during the play and is used twice during the third scene. Macbeth hides his excitement and a clear example of this is when Macbeth quotes to Ross, ‘Why do you dress me in borrow’d robes?’ (1.3.107-108), this robe symbolizes his new title: Thane of Cawdor. While on line 117, Macbeth, aside, appears to be very excited by new potential titles and quotes, ‘Glamis and Thane of Cawdor: The greatest is behind.’ (1.3.116-117), this statement is only expressed to the audience. How to cite Macbeth- ‘Film Proposal’ Rationale, Papers

Iagos 2nd Soliloquy Summary free essay sample

Summary of Iago’s second soliloquy: Iagos second soliloquy is very revealing as it offers further insight into his motives. The extent of Iago’s hatred and contempt is suggested. It is weakness of his that he allows hatred to consume him in this way, using it as a driving force behind his action. It shows him shaping a plan out of the confusion of his emotionally charged thoughts. Iago examines his own thoughts, especially his hatred for Othello, The Moor, howbeit that I endure him not and finds a common thread in the poisonous mineral of jealousy that still swirls around the rumor that Othello â€Å"hath leaped into my seat†. Iago says that he thinks it likely that Cassio does indeed love Desdemona, and believable at least that she might love him, â€Å"That Cassio loves her, I do well believe’t; That she loves him ‘tis apt and of great credit†. We will write a custom essay sample on Iagos 2nd Soliloquy Summary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Iago, however, also suggests that he could get his revenge by seducing Desdemona, Now I do love her too . . . / But partly led to diet my revenge †. Iago uses the word love here in a very cynical way, making it a combination of lust and power seeking. At first he sees his seduction of Desdemona as his revenge, Till I am evened with him, wife for wife. Yet, Iago then realizes that the unsubstantiated jealousy that torments him is the very weapon he can use against Othello, who will be even more susceptible as it is seen that Othello is naive and almost foolish when it comes to love and women. He reasons that at least the confrontation he has engineered between Roderigo and Cassio will implant the seeds of mistrust and doubt in Othello as he begins to suspect Desdemona of infidelity and thus, Iago will lead Othello, via jealousy, to madness, Make the Moor thank me, love me, and reward me, / For making him egregiously an ass, / And practicing upon his peace and quiet / Even to madness.

Best Online Jobs for College Students

Online jobs have a huge potential to generate revenue within a short period. Find the best ideas for student jobs here. Having a source of income while studying in college is a decent and sure way to offset the high expenses of being in school. It can, however, be quite challenging to get a well-paying job, balance coursework and extracurricular activities. The best jobs for students are those that allow flexibility. These include online and part-time jobs. Online jobs fit perfectly in this criterion since they will enable you to work at your convenience and from any place. Countless skilled students love working online since it allows them to choose what they are good at and what they enjoy doing. This enables them to concentrate on one job and be more productive. What's more, online jobs for college students require minimal start-up costs and are easy to set up. You just need a good internet connection, a reliable computer, and a tranquil work environment. You may also require noise canceling headphones depending on the type of job that you get. Online jobs have a huge potential to generate revenue within a short period. For a consistent paycheck and flexible schedule, here are 15 easy online jobs for college students: Freelance Writing For Students Freelance writing is most likely the simplest and best-paying way to make money for college students. In this case, you are assigned articles by clients for their blogs or websites, and after that, you get paid according to the amount of work that you do. Payments are set either at standard hourly rates or per words and task. Other freelance writing jobs include data entry, proofreading, and copywriting. Data entry work mostly involves some form of copy-pasting work from a website and putting it in a spreadsheet. This work may be a little complicated and requires training from the client. You can also find some free writing courses online that will help you improve your writing skills. Some of the best freelance websites include Elance, Freelancer, TextBroker, and Constant Content. All you need to do is sign up, complete your profile, find a suitable job and start working. Payment will only be disbursed after you complete and submit your work, and it is approved. Online Tutoring If you are talented or brilliant in specific subjects, you can opt to sign up to be an online tutor. Your job entails training students through chats or video calls to help them comprehend their homework or class work better. Most online tutoring websites will require you to pass a series of tests to determine whether you are fit to be a tutor. They may likewise expect you to have a college degree, diploma or certificate. Payments are made by the hour or per session. Online tutoring jobs for college students are not limited to academics only. You can also offer your services for the extracurricular activities that you are gifted in or good at such as music, nutrition, fashion, and art. To get started, apply for jobs or market your skills at great tutoring websites such as Tutor.com, Aim 4 A or Homework tutoring. Virtual Assisting Virtual assisting is similar to secretarial work. You do a considerable part of the same projects an office secretary would do such as managing clients, setting up appointments, planning meetings, making phone calls, managing emails, data entry, bookkeeping, and marketing. The only difference is that you work from home. Virtual assistants can earn anywhere from $10 to $60 per hour. You do not require special training for this work. As long as you have good communication, organizational, and time management skills, you are good to go. However, virtual assistant certifications and training can be useful in building your credibility, especially if you have no previous job experience. You can find virtual assisting jobs at 24/7 Virtual Assistant, FreeLancer, PeoplePerHour, oDesk, Elance, Guru, and Upwork. Transcriptionist Usually, there are two kinds of transcriptionists, legal and medical. This makes transcriptional jobs suitable for either medical or law students. The job requires you to transcribe audio files to written speech. The audio files are medical or legal files dictated by physicians and lawyers or court reporters. Therefore, one needs to have mastery of medical or law language to be a successful transcriptionist. You additionally need to be acquainted with listening to different accents such as Hispanic, Indian, and so on. Basic skills such as listening and typing are mandatory for this job. New transcriptionists have the potential of earning up to $20 an hour and up to $30 when they get some experience. Websites that offer transcription jobs are Transcribe Me, REV, Tiger Fish, and Quicktate. Blogging Blogging is one of the most exciting and enjoyable online jobs for college students. The first step is to find the perfect niche that can get good traffic and make money. This could be health and fitness, food, lifestyle, beauty and fashion or personal development. After you find your niche, go ahead and create a WordPress blog, register a domain name and host your blog. Next, create content for your blog and promote it through the various social media platforms. You can monetize your blog by selling your products, doing affiliate marketing, running events, or using Google Ad Sense. Affiliate Marketing Affiliate marketing is an ideal way to make money for college students. It involves marketing and selling products or services for other businesses or organizations. They, in turn, give you a commission for the sales made. You can do this by sharing and promoting their products through your social media accounts, blogs or through email marketing. Most affiliate marketing jobs require no start-up costs since most programs are free to join. You also do not need to ship any products. You can work from anywhere as long as there is an internet connection. The income that you generate depends on how you market your affiliate products and whether your target audience buys the products. To start on affiliate marketing, do some research on affiliate programs and find the best one for you and then find affiliate products and services that match the content on your blog or website. Become a Part-time Project Manager A project manager develops project plans, prepares budgets and allocates and avails resources for projects. He or she also coordinates internal resources to ensure that all projects are delivered on time and stay within the set budget. Project managers also highlight potential risks and devise ways to mitigate these risks. Job requirements include a good educational background preferably in computer science or engineering, excellent communication skills, administrative and time management skills. You can find project managerial jobs on Upwork, FreeLancer, Indeed or on PeoplePerHour. Social Media Manager Companies frequently look for youths who innately understand social media and can help them build and run an active and interactive online presence. College students spend half of their time on social media and can, therefore, use this opportunity to make money. The job of a social media manager involves monitoring social media accounts such as Facebook and Twitter, getting the relevant followers for their clients, managing ads on social media, creating content and replying to messages and comments. You may also be required to proofread or moderate content depending on the company's rules. If you are interested in being a social media manager, check out the following websites for job openings: eaHELP, Yelp, ModSquad, Upwork, Crisp Thinking, Indeed, and Flexjobs. Earn from YouTube Videos You do not have to make expert videos on YouTube. You can just create humorous videos that have the potential of going viral. You can also vlog about your college life and experiences. Alternatively, you can make videos about the niche that you are passionate about such as cooking, fashion or health and fitness. So, what you need is a YouTube channel and a good camera to get started. You will also need some great video editing software such as iMovie or Adobe Premiere Elements. To generate more traffic to your channel, create good content and promote your YouTube channel on other social media platforms. You can also link your blog to your YouTube channel so that your followers can have access to your videos. To diversify your income streams, use Google Adsense, affiliate links or sell products through your channel. Amazon Mechanical Turk mTurk is an Amazon service that pays you to complete small tasks. For instance, you might be asked to look at an image and describe it in 10 words for $0.08. You could also be required to fill out a survey for $0.10 or review products for $2. The tasks on mTurk are quite simple. However, you have to do several of them to earn a considerable amount of cash. To get started, create an mTurk account and browse for tasks. You can work for as many hours as you would like. The more tasks you complete, the more you earn from mTurk. Become a Captcha Solver Captcha entry work is one of the easiest online jobs for college students at home. Captcha is a program designed to distinguish between human and robotic users by giving an image test that humans can read and robots can't. A lot of companies want users to register on thousands of popular sites online. They do this by running automated programs. However, when such a program comes across a captcha image, it cannot proceed further. This is where some need a captcha solver. As a captcha solver, your work is to solve captcha images by entering the exact characters provided within a very short time. It takes less than an hour to solve 1000 captchas, and for that, you earn up to $2. Some of the captcha solving websites include MegaTypers, ProTypers, FastTypers, and 2Captcha. Website Testing This job requires you to test a given website and write a review, give feedback on user interface and applications and answer questions on Skype for 30 minutes. Website testing is a little challenging, and you will be required to pass a test before you qualify. To make money through website testing, sign up and browse for jobs on User Testing, Enroll, StartUpLift, TestingTime, and Userfeel websites. Online Survey Jobs Those spam emails and ads about profiting from online surveys are not as insane as they appear. You can, in fact, make cash from taking surveys. It takes around 20 minutes to finish a survey, and for that, you earn $2 to $20. What's more, you do not require any background skills for these jobs. However, you will be required to answer a few questions to prove that you fit the demographic that the survey is focusing on. There are numerous survey websites and not all are legitimate. Therefore, you need to be very careful when it comes to these sites. This is not to say that all survey websites are scams. In fact, some sites like Swagbucks, Ipsos Isay, Pinecone Research, and CashCrate have quite a good reputation and are worth checking out. Ad Clicking Getting paid to click ads is one of the simplest ways that a college student could make money. PTC sites pay from $0.001 to $1 for watching ads for only 5 to 30 seconds. You can make more from referring other students to these websites or from doing other short tasks offered by the sites. However, ad clicking should not be a full-time job but rather a side job since the income generated is relatively lower than what other online jobs would pay. Some of the best and well-known PTC sites with the best paying rates include Clixsense, GPTPlanet, CashNhits, BuxP, and Paid to Click. Micro Jobs Micro jobs are small tasks that pay $5 to $10. They include crowdsourcing projects, website usability testing, browsing through the marketplace for services needed by your clients or completing online surveys. These jobs require less time to complete, and this makes it one of the best online jobs for college students. You can find micro jobs on Fancy Hands, Click worker, OneSpace, and Amazon mTurk. Conclusion You may not require all the jobs listed above. However, it is a good idea to try them all and find the best one for you. If you do not have a personal computer, you can use one at the school library to finish your online jobs. Online jobs will spare you from taking excess student loans to manage your everyday expenses. Like many other online job openings, it is critical to be cautious when applying for jobs to avoid being scammed. Look out for warning signs indicating that the job is a scam. Do your research on the jobs that you apply for and do not feel pressured to give out personal information.

Major Events in the Trojan War

Major Events in the Trojan War The ancient Greeks traced their history to mythological events and their genealogy to the gods and goddesses. Perhaps the most pivotal event in the early history of ancient Greece was the Trojan War. This is that most famous of ancient wars that the Greeks ended with an insidious gift. We call it the Trojan Horse. We know about the Trojan War primarily from the works of the poet Homer (the Iliad and the Odyssey), as well as stories told in other ancient literature, known as the Epic Cycle. ​Goddesses Set the Trojan War in Motion According to ancient, non-eye-witness reports, a conflict among the goddesses started the Trojan War. This conflict led to the famous story of Paris (known as The Judgment of Paris) awarding a golden apple to the goddess, Aphrodite. In return for Paris judgment, Aphrodite promised Paris the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen. This world-class Greek beauty is known as Helen of Troy and called the face that launched a thousand ships. Perhaps it didnt matter to the godsespecially the goddess of lovewhether Helen was already taken, but for mere mortals it did. Unfortunately, Helen was already married. She was the wife of King Menelaus of Sparta. Paris Abducts Helen Discussed in more detail in connection with Odysseuswho was one of the leaders of the Greek (Achaean) side of the Trojan Waris the importance of hospitality in the ancient world. While Odysseus was away, suitors abused the hospitality of Odysseus wife and household. Odysseus, however, relied on the hospitality of strangers to survive his 10-year odyssey home. Without certain standards of expected behavior on the part of host and visitor, anything could happen, as, indeed, it did when the Trojan prince Paris, a guest of Menelaus, stole from his host. Now, Menelaus had been aware of the possibility that his wife, Helen, would be snatched from him. Helen had been snatched before their marriage, by Theseus, and she had been courted by almost all the Achaean leaders. When Menelaus finally won the hand of Helen, he (and Helens father) extracted a promise from all the other suitors that they would come to his aid should Helen be taken away again. It was on the basis of this promise that Agamemnonacting on brother Menelaus behalfwas able to coerce the Achaeans to join forces with him and his brother and sail against the Asian city-state of Troy to win back Helen. Trojan War Draft Dodgers Agamemnon had trouble rounding up the men. Odysseus feigned madness. Achilles tried to pretend he was a woman. But Agamemnon saw through Odysseus ruse and Odysseus tricked Achilles into revealing himself, and so, all the leaders who had promised to join did so. Each leader brought his own troops, weapons, and ships and stood, poised to sail, at Aulis. Agamemnon and His Family Agamemnon was from the  House of Atreus, that cursed family that stemmed from Tantalus, a son of Zeus. Tantalus had spitefully served the gods a feast with an awful main course, the cooked body of his own son Pelops. Demeter was upset at the time because her daughter, Persephone, had disappeared. This left her distracted, so unlike all the other gods and goddesses, she failed to recognize the meat dish as human flesh. As a result, Demeter ate some of the stew.  Afterward, the gods put Pelops back together again, but there was, of course, a missing part. Demeter had eaten one of Pelops shoulders, so she replaced it with a piece of ivory. Tantalus did not get off unscathed. His well-suited punishment helped inform the Christian vision of Hell. Tantalus  familys behavior remained unimproved through the generations. Agamemnon and his brother Menelaus (Helens husband) were among his descendants. Raising the ire of the gods seems to have come very naturally to all the descendants of Tantalus. The Greek troops heading for Troy, under the lead of Agamemnon, waited at Aulis for  a wind  that just wouldnt come.  Eventually, a seer named Calchas deduced the problem: The virgin huntress and goddess, Artemis, had been offended by a boast Agamemnon had made about his own hunting skills. To appease Artemis, Agamemnon had to sacrifice his own daughter Iphigenia. Only then would the winds come to fill their sails and let them set off from Aulis to Troy. To put his daughter Iphigenia to the sacrificial knife was hard for Agamemnon the father, but not for Agamemnon the military leader. He sent word to his wife that Iphigenia was to marry Achilles at Aulis (Achilles was left out of the loop). Clytemnestra and their daughter  Iphigenia  went happily to Aulis for a wedding to the great Greek warrior. But there, instead of a marriage, Agamemnon performed the deadly ritual. Clytemnestra would never forgive her husband. The goddess Artemis  appeased, favorable winds filled the sails of Achaean ships so they could sail to Troy. The Action of the Iliad Begins in the Tenth Year Well-matched forces dragged the Trojan War on and on. It was in its tenth year when the climactic and most dramatic events finally took place. First, a sacrilegious Agamemnon, leader of all the Achaeans (Greeks), captured a priestess of Apollo. When the Greek leader refused to return the priestess to her father,  a plague  struck the Achaeans. This plague may have been  bubonic since it was connected with the  mouse-aspect  of Apollo. Calchas, the seer, summoned once again, augured that health would be restored only when the priestess was returned. Agamemnon agreed, but only if he could have a substitute war prize: Briseis, Achilles concubine. When Agamemnon took Briseis from Achilles, the hero was outraged and refused to fight. Thetis, Achilles immortal mother, prevailed upon Zeus to punish Agamemnon by making the Trojans stymy the Achaeansat least for a while. Patroclus Fights as Achilles Achilles had a dear friend and companion at Troy named Patroclus. In the movie  Troy, he is Achilles cousin. While thats a possibility, many consider the two not so much cousins, in the sense of son of ones uncle, as lovers. Patroclus tried to persuade Achilles to fight because Achilles was so capable a warrior that he could turn the tide of battle. Nothing had changed for Achilles, so he refused. Patroclus presented an alternative. He asked Achilles to let him lead Achilles troops, the Myrmidons. Achilles  agreed and even  lent  Patroclus his armor. Dressed like Achilles and accompanied by the Myrmidons, Patroclus went into battle. He acquitted himself well, killing a number of Trojans. But then the greatest of the Trojan heroes, Hector, mistaking  Patroclus  for Achilles, killed him. Now the situation was different for Achilles. Agamemnon was an annoyance, but the Trojans were, once again, the enemy. Achilles was so grieved by the death of his dear Patroclus that he reconciled with Agamemnon (who returned Briseis), and entered the battle. A Madman Kills and Disgraces Hector Achilles met Hector in single combat and killed him. Then, in his madness and grief over Patroclus, Achilles dishonored the Trojan heros body by dragging it  around  the ground tied to his chariot by a belt. This belt had been given Hector by the Achaean hero Ajax in exchange for a sword. Days later, Priam, Hectors aged father and  the king of Troy, persuaded Achilles to stop abusing the body and return it for proper burial. The Achilles Heel Soon after, Achilles was killed, wounded in the one spot  where  legend tells us he was not immortalhis heel. When Achilles was born, his mother, the nymph Thetis, had dipped him into the river Styx to confer immortality, but the spot where she held him, his heel, remained dry.  Paris  is said to have hit that one spot with his arrow, but Paris wasnt that good a marksman. He could only have hit it with divine guidancein this case, with the help of Apollo. The Next Greatest Hero The Achaeans and Trojans valued the armor of fallen soldiers. They triumphed in capturing the helmets, weapons, and armor of the enemy, but also prized that of their own dead. The Achaeans wanted to award the armor of Achilles to the Achaean hero they thought came next in stature to Achilles. Odysseus won. Ajax, who thought the armor should have been his, went mad with rage, tried to kill his fellow countrymen, and killed himself with the sword which he had received from his belt-exchange with Hector. Aphrodite Continues to Help Paris What had Paris been up to all this time? Besides his dalliance with Helen of Troy and slaying of Achilles, Paris had shot and killed a number of Achaeans. He had even fought one-on-one with Menelaus. When Paris was in danger of being killed, his divine protector, Aphrodite, broke the strap of the helmet, which Menelaus was clutching. Aphrodite then shrouded Paris in a mist so that he could escape back to  Helen of Troy. The Arrows of Hercules After the death of Achilles, Calchas uttered yet another prophecy. He told the Achaeans they needed the bow and arrows of Hercules (Herakles) to defeat the Trojans and end the war. Philoctetes, who had been left wounded on  the island of Lemnos, had said bow and poisoned arrows. So an embassy was sent to bring Philoctetes to the battlefront. Before he joined the Greek battle line, one of the sons of Asclepius healed him. Philoctetes then shot one of  Hercules  arrows  at  Paris. There was barely a scratch. But ironically, like the  wound  Paris had inflicted on Achilles one weak spot, that scratch was enough to kill the Trojan prince. The Return of Odysseus Odysseus  soon devised a way to end the Trojan Warthe erection of a giant wooden horse filled with Achaean (Greek) men to be left at the gates of Troy. The Trojans had noticed Achaean ships sailing away earlier that day and thought the giant horse was a peace (or sacrificial) offering from the Achaeans. Rejoicing, they opened the gates and led the horse into their city. Then, after 10 years of privations for the sake of the war, the Trojans brought out their equivalent of champagne. They feasted, drank hard, and fell asleep. During the night, the Achaeans stationed inside the horse opened the trap door, crept down, opened the gates, and let in their countrymen who had only pretended to slip away. The Achaeans then torched Troy, killing the men and taking the women prisoner. Helen, now  middle-aged but still a  beauty,  was reunited with her husband Menelaus. So ended the Trojan War and so began the Achaean leaders torturous and mostly deadly trips home, some of which are told in the sequel to The Iliad, The Odyssey, which is also attributed to Homer. Agamemnon  got his comeuppance at the hand of his wife Clytemnestra and her lover, Agamemnons cousin Aegisthus. Patroclus, Hector, Achilles, Ajax, Paris, and countless others were dead, but the Trojan War dragged on.

The Influence that Salvador Dali Had on the Surrealist Movement Essay

The Influence that Salvador Dali Had on the Surrealist Movement - Essay Example The essay "The Influence that Salvador Dali Had on the Surrealist Movement" will consider the art movement called surrealism and comment on the influence of Salvador Dali, one of its greatest practitioners at the forefront of this art movement. Salvador Dali (1904-1989) was one of the most popular artists of the surrealist movement. Surrealism can be defined as the stuff of dreams, what is held in the subconscious or unconscious, and it is the expression of these thoughts that were the impetus behind the surrealist movement. It is the complete absence of regulated thought and action, in fact the anti thesis of it. The objective of the surrealist movement was to give flight and power to spontaneity and celebrate the absence of order or contrived circumstances. Negative emotions ran high against the established powers after World War I- in fact surrealism was on the rise even in the waning days of World War II. The portrayal of anti establishment sentiment through art and literature de fined the surrealist movement in many ways. Dali in fact took on the name of his elder brother who had died nine months before he was born. His father was a lawyer, notary and a strict disciplinarian. His mother however encouraged his artistic pursuits. Dali believed he was a reincarnation of his brother after it was suggested by his parents that he had similar features to the deceased sibling. Dali was deeply attached to his mother and was distraught on her death in 1921. After her death, his father married her sister, Dali’s aunt. ... With a sharp sense of fashion, he was regarded as a dandy. However his art stood out as well as he was experimenting with Cubism at the time. However he was thrown out of school before the final exams after uttering the scandalous comment that there was no one competent enough to examine him. Dali moved to France and his early works were heavily inspired by Joan Miro and Pablo Picasso, whom Dali adored. Inspired by the artist Diego Velazquez, Dali began sporting a distinctive moustache that became an iconic trademark for the rest of his life. Dali met his future wife Gala, a Russian immigrant ten years his senior at a fellow artist Paul Eluard’s residence in 1929. They were married in a civil ceremony in 1934 and later celebrated a Catholic wedding in 1958. Dali had up to this point been supported by wealthy art collector Edward James of the UK. Dali’s work was introduced to the USA by the art critic In 1931 Dali created his most well known masterpiece ‘The Persis tence of Memory’ and the rest as they say is history. He became so famous that even the creator of the surrealist movement Andre Breton began to grudge him with the taunting derogatory nickname Avida Dollars meaning ‘eager for dollars’. During World War II, Dali and his wife moved to the USA, staying there for eight years. However beginning in 1949, Dali moved back to Catalonia, Spain. After World War II, Dali’s work included influences from religion, science and even optical illusions. Dali’s health suffered a serious setback in the 1980 when his wife in her senility had been feeding Dali with a dangerous cocktail of drugs that impaired his health and made one hand shake uncontrollably. After Gala herself died in 1982, Dali tried to kill himself through starvation but was

Outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Outline - Essay Example The advertisements through the media, the scenes in the movies, the access to sexual content on the internet, connectivity, and friendships that are easily faked on the social sites have subscribed to these challenges (Gurian, 4). As a result, there has never been a bad time of raising a daughter than today. Teenage is a most important stage of girls’ lives. When they try to experiment and experience the real world at this stage, their characters will be featured by resentment and aggression. However, telling people to stop raising a daughter is impossible. The greatest challenge is helping their daughters through to process of transition from the puberty to adolescent stage. Thus, telling girls information about the emotional and physical changes taking place in their bodies, creating curiosity, and encouraging adventure is the most important thing that every parents need to do to raise a daughter today. Magical thinking, imagination and fantasizing are the elements that characterize the state of mind of girls when they are teenager (Braun, 8). Therefore, helping them to base their thinking on reality of the world, and doing away with their wishful thinking and handling their highs and lows is an important aspect of raising the daughter (Stern, 24). Since the girls’ bodies and physical looks start becoming an important consideration for girls when they are at this stage. Parents should help them to understand what is happening to their body, their emotions, and hormonal changes. Also, parents should try their best to make the conversation appeared as well as normal. Also, avoiding any chance of them being informed on the same from bad company is crucial (McCarthy, 7). When girls are teenagers, their sexual activities and desires starts accelerating. Thus, protecting the girls from interactions and socializations is the difficult thing

Benefits of Developing Integrated Global Strategies

Benefits of Developing Integrated Global Strategies â€Å"As multinationals mature, they become aware of the opportunities to be gained from integrating and creating a single strategy on a global scale.† Discuss, with reference to theories regarding economies of scale, scope and global competitiveness, drawing on real world organisation to illustrate your answer. â€Å"Clearly, a substantial challenge for multinational corporations (MNCs), in the current environment of intensified competition and rapid industry consolidation, is one of much greater worldwide integration. Necessitated by intense competitive pressures, MNCs are integrating their disparate country operations in order to achieve economies across markets and operating units. Preliminary results from a pilot study of the characteristics of common global practices among a sample of MNCs†¦explore the benefits MNCs derive from the implementation of common practices across their worldwide operations, in pursuit of a global strategy.† (Cavusgil, Yeniyurt and Townsend, 2004) It is clear from this most recent piece of research into the worldwide integration of multinational corporations that there are immense potential benefits to multinationals from pursuing a strategy of integration across markets and regions. However, expanding internationally requires managerial adaptation due to differences between national cultures, and these dynamics have not necessarily been used to represent the cultural diversity that may hinder efforts to integrate and coordinate efforts as required by global strategies. Tempering popular perspectives that extol the benefits of diversity, some theories claim that cultural diversity among international divisions of a global firm may actually impede efforts to merge activities and expertise between those units. Specifically, direct, such as market, production and technology, and indirect: knowledge-based benefits are more difficult to exploit when cultural diversity makes activity sharing and expertise transfer less efficient. Pa rallel to established product relatedness theory, this postulates that culturally related international firms will enjoy greater efficiencies than culturally diverse multinationals. (Johnson and Scholes, 2002) Nowhere is this better seen than in the strategies of Novotel, a strategic business unit of the Accor group, and one of the worlds major hotel chains, occupying a leading place in Europe and with locations globally. Calori, Baden-Fuller and Hunt (2000) interpreted Novotels change management programme in the 1990s, summarising the actions that managers took in terms of strategy and organization, also carefully considering the sequence and timing of events, and how this resulted in rapid transformation in an organisation employing more than 30,000 people. They also strongly emphasised the dialectical nature of the change processes: an element often ignored in the literature, observing both deliberation and experimentation; both integration and differentiation. They found that, Novotel was careful to offer different offerings in each nation it operates, dependent upon the local customs, culture and expectations for a hotel. However they also found that, in line with several of Morriseyà ¢â‚¬â„¢s (1996) theories on long range strategic planning, the managers were careful to always ensure that the company’s global direction and overall strategy were clear and consistent in the minds of staff, and were strongly projected to the customers. Nowhere is this more clearly seen than on Novotel’s website, with its headline: â€Å"412 Hotels Resort in 56 countries. Novotel guarantees you the best price†, showing that no matter where in the world you go, Novotel always aims to offer you a budget hotel room. Such clear positioning and marketing is one of the main reasons the company has been so successful for so long. Another important consideration in integrating a strategy is that competitive advantage can be gained through quality, even in mature commodity industries, but that a quality-based competitive strategy will be successful only if managers understand both how quality is perceived by their customers and their company s level of quality performance. As such, the critical issue of many modern strategies is the importance of gaining customer attention: the underlying view that a global business strategy can be simply programmed and customers merely involved in the activity as rational agents ignores the value of seasoned judgment and, ultimately, critical thinking. The essential objective is clearly to engage in producing a value- added customer relationship, and therefore, gaining customer attention is equally, or indeed, more important than a simple focus on customer relationship management. What is required is a strategic focus on the real complexity of the relationship which organizati ons are initially able to establish with customers. (Pearson, 1999) Nowhere is this more apparent than in the UKs food and beverage sector, which remains the countrys single largest manufacturing sector, thanks in part to a general economic recovery and its world-renowned high quality and innovative products. In recent years, the economic performance of the UK has been robust, owing to low inflation, resilient growth, strong job creation and increases in consumer spending: â€Å"According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS), the UKs GDP rose 3.1% in 2004, compared with 2.2% in 2003. As a result, household spending on food has been increasing over the past few years. Merger and acquisiton activity in the UK is on the rise. According to the Office of National Statistics, the number of MA in the food industry increased 14.4% in 2004 to 278 deals from 243 in 2003.† (Mergent Industry Reports, 2005) There is a significant foreign investor interest in UK companies, which shows a general confidence in the UK economy. In addition, the increase in convenience stores and hypermarkets: which sell groceries and offer a much wider choice of brand products, along with intense competition, has had a large impact on the food industry. As a result, many food companies are looking to consolidate their business to maximize competitiveness in terms of price, innovation and coverage. As companies seek to improve corporate profitability in a competitive market environment, further consolidation is expected. The growth of convenience stores and hypermarkets is likely to be the main force in the food and drink sector over the next few years. (Mergent Industry Reports, 2005) Judith Bevan (2005) examines the battle between the supermarkets in a recent book: â€Å"Trolley Wars†, where the ‘wars’ in question are not just price wars; they are space and strategy wars. With UK retail being the most competitive sector in one of the most competitive countries in the world, supermarkets desperate for supremacy fight over prices, squeeze suppliers and grab land in order to win. Each of the players has brought the industry forward at a crucial time: â€Å"Whether it was Sainsbury for quality, MS for innovation or Tesco for value, one message is clear: the winners, and today this is Tesco by a long way, never forget that the customer is king and that only by constantly listening, anticipating and reacting can they survive in todays market.† (Bevan 2005) UK supermarket customers are in search of quality, price and value, and are among the savviest in the world. The lesson is clear: complacency kills, and a fragmented, unclear, strategy, as witnessed in Sainsbury’s recent advertising campaigns, which have driven away some of the chains traditionally loyal customers. (Finch, 1999) However, it is also vitally important for firms to consider that any strategy they formulate should not only offer customers what they want and expect from the overall corporation, but should also be financially and commercially viable. In particular, managerial considerations, desires, priorities and egos should not override the need to remain profitable and fulfil shareholder, and other stakeholder, goals and expectations. This is covered quite clearly in the managerially theory of the firm, developed by Stoelhorst and van Raaij (2004) as a meaningful alternative to the neoclassical theory of the firm. Their paper argues that the main use of a managerial theory of the firm is explaining performance differentials between firms, especially in the area of marketing strategy, which we have already seen is of great import to multinational corporations. Indeed, the authors explicitly state that: â€Å"Marketing shares an interest in explaining performance differentials with strategic ma nagement and organizational economics.† (Stoelhorst and van Raaij, 2004) Likewise, they show that a generic understanding of the sources of performance differentials is emerging across these three disciplines, and incorporate this understanding in a unifying conceptual framework that is both managerially relevant and embedded in economic theory. The lessons from this paper would be well learnt by easyGroup ltd. director, and well known entrepreneur, Stelios Haji-Ioannou. In 2003, Haji-Ioannou announced that easyCinema would open in Milton Keynes, England, with the introductory cinema chain aimed at providing an addition to the existing easyGroup architecture, which at the time encompassed rental cars, internet cafà ©s and an airline. (Ritson, 2003) Haji-Ioannou has frequently admitted that price elasticities are ‘the core’ of the easy brand, and is careful to always select markets where consumers will make differential trade-offs between time and price. â€Å"For example, if one is a price-sensitive European student flying home to spend holidays, he is likely to book months in advance and will probably accept an early morning departure.† (Ritson, 2003) By using technology and just-in-time inventory systems, easyGroup allows its component firms to flexibly set prices and automatically respond to market el asticities. However, just two months after Ritson’s article, Haji-Ioannou was forced to admit, in June 2003, that he may have to close the easyCinema in Milton Keynes by the end of the year. EasyGroup companies, excluding the publicly owned easyJet, in fact lost about  £120m over the past four years, with EasyInternetCafe forming the bulk of this, turning in about  £90m in losses between 1999 and 2003. However, in the same time period, easyCar lost about  £20m, the Internet shopping portal easyValue lost  £5m and the easyMoney credit card  £2.7m. The basis for these losses can be seen in the fate of easyCinema, a good model for the management style of Stelios Haji-Ioannou and â€Å"his declining empire, EasyGroup.† (Kroll, 2004) Kroll’s article recalls the earlier giveaway of airplane tickets on the steps of an Athens courthouse, where he was being sued by travel agents, but focuses on his ‘potshot’ at U.S. film distributors, which initially refused to give EasyCinema first runs because his ticket prices were too low to offer them a decent cut. The US film distributors’ move was mirrored by distributors in Britain, which meant that, although Stelios had found another price elastic market: in its first week, easyCinema filled 56% of its seats, patronage has dropped steadily since. (Wylie, 2003) The main reason for this is the lack of recent release, as traditionally distributors make money by creaming a high percentage of box-office revenue in the first weeks of a films run, a percentage that easyCinema was unwilling and unable to provide. Stelios tried to persuade Britains Office of Fair Trading to investigate what he alleges is illegal collusion and resale price maintenance among distributors (Wylie, 2003); but this appeared to be yet another publicity stunt from the self-styled ‘consumer’s champion’, who had yet again failed to address the concerns of some of the most powerful stakeholders in one of his ventures. Of course, a single, integrated strategy pursued to it’s fullest: by integrating the strategy of a multinational corporation involved in just one market, can reap the highest rewards of all. Research into this was recently conducted by Kim and Lee (2001), who admit to being â€Å"motivated by an empirical observation that two Korean carmakers, Daewoo and Hyundai, have pursued very different globalisation strategies despite their structural similarities.† Using in-depth case studies and extensive interviews with top managers, they explained several lessons that can be drawn from these strategies. Being direct competitors in the Korean automobile industry has affected the firms globalisation strategies to a great extent: each company took into account its competitive position, vis-à  -vis the other’s, when forging its global strategy. For instance, Daewoo focused on achieving economies of scale by targeting the East European markets for its overseas capacity expan sion, as a way of overcoming its manufacturing cost disadvantage in the domestic market vis-à  -vis Hyundais. Likewise, Hyundais globalisation strategy: exporting supported by technological advancement; was driven by an implicit assumption of its competitive advantage vis-à  -vis Daewoos. This initial observed pattern of decisions was formed mostly by such determining factors as top managements commitment to specific strategic decisions and resources, both managerial and financial, from each companys parent business group. It is vital to note here that, unlike easyGroup’s strategy, driven largely by the ego and self-image of it’s director, was in fact driven by the core competencies of each company: developing and exploiting new markets to obtain economies of scale, and maintaining a technological advantage. Subsequently, these integrated strategies were altered or reinforced as each company accumulated different learning experiences, demonstrating that unless the learning process is well managed, it can do as much harm as good to a company. (Kim and Lee, 2001) Indeed, Hamid (2002) has shown that leading companies around the world are developing integrated global compensation and benefit strategies in order to help them stay ahead of the competition. â€Å"These companies are finding that their human resource strategy can be structured using similar philosophies to reward people regardless of their geographic boundaries.† (Hamid, 2002) The need to develop more consistent global strategies in concert with reward practices worldwide, is driven by companies finding that global compensation and benefit strategies can also, in fact, achieve cost savings through economies of scale. The ability to shed the costs of communicating, administering and coordinating several compensation strategies is proof positive that multinational corporations can derive benefits from integrating their global strategies in almost any area of their operations. An excellent example of this is Ryanair, which in August of this year (2005) shrugged off â€Å"soaring fuel charges, fierce competition and an ongoing row with pilots, to announce record pre-tax profits of â‚ ¬76.9m for the three months to July. Despite increasing capacity by 30pc, the airline managed to increase its yield per seat by 3pc, while simultaneously cutting costs per passenger by 6pc. Yesterday, by way of an encore, it released figures which showed that it carried a record 3,198,977 passengers in July, breaking the 3m barrier for the first time, and taking the number of passengers it has carried over the past 12 months to just over 30m. But, according to Michael Cawley, Ryanairs chief operating officer, whether you are talking about expansion, cost cutting or alternative revenues, the airline, which now operates on 250 routes across 21 countries, is only just beginning.† (McEnaney, 2005) One of the key messages from the latest results is that Ryanair has no trouble cutting costs and generating economies of scale: both vital advantages in the global budget air travel market. In fact, when you factor out fuel costs, over which the company has only limited control, Ryanair managed to reduce costs by 11pc in the last quarter. This is despite the fact that Ryanair is now unable to significantly reduce costs by cutting back on the trimmings: with no trimming left to cut, the company has been forced to take a ‘big-picture approach’, through a single intergrated global strategy: take as many passengers as cheaply as possible. According to Mr Cawley, much of the current cost reduction is due to the replacement of the companys 737-200 airplanes, which carry 130 passengers, with new 737-800 aircraft, which carry 189. â€Å"The 737-800 has boosted passenger numbers per plane by 45pc. As we get more and more of them in the fleet, our costs per passenger go down. Als o, newer aircraft have lower costs.† (McEnaney, 2005) There seems to be no end to the expansion of Ryanair, which also recently announced that it would fly eight routes to Poland by November, and recently made Pisa in Italy its fourteenth European base. In the coming months, the airline is expected to announce two new European bases. One of these will most likely be Beauvais in France, which is the only major European country where Ryanair does not yet have a base. The second is likely to be either in Spain or in Scandinavia. According to Cawley, this expansion also helps to lower costs: â€Å"We enjoy significant economies of scale. We used to have three routes from Pisa. Now we have eight, but there is no increase in our Italian advertising costs.† (McEnaney, 2005) Thus, the potential opportunities gained by multinationals that develop integrated global strategies are almost too large to measure, with economies of scope and scale, and large technological and consumer based advantages However, it is also extremely important that, as well as aim for these advantages, and the associated global competitiveness benefits, that MNC’s ensure that they are not pursuing a single integrated strategy for the wrong reasons, as easyGroup has done recently. They must also continue to monitor and analyse the needs and demands of all shareholders and stakeholders, especially the major ones, and remember that the most important stakeholders in many markets, regions, cultures and industries may not be the customers, as is usually believed. This task is far from easy, but for a multinational with the required knowledge, capabilities and learning capacity, the benefits cannot be overstated, and the potential to grow, diversify and consolidate, as Ryannair ha s recently shown, can be huge. References: Bevan, J (2005) Trolley Wars. Profile Books. Calori, R. Baden-Fuller, C. and Hunt, B. (2000) Managing Change at Novotel: Back to the Future. Long Range Planning; Vol. 33, Issue 6, p. 779. Cavusgil, S. T. Yeniyurt, S. and Townsend, D. (2004) The framework of a global company: A conceptualization and preliminary validation. Industrial Marketing Management; Vol. 33, Issue 8, p. 711. Finch, J. (1999) Rivals maul Sainsbury GM ad. The Guardian. Authors: Hamid, H. (2002) Global convergence in remuneration patterns. Business Times (Malaysia). Johnson, G. and Scholes, K. (2002) Exploring Corporate Strategy; Sixth Edition. FT Prentice Hall. Kim, B. and Lee, Y. (2001) Global Capacity Expansion Strategies: Lessons Learned from Two Korean Carmakers. Long Range Planning; Vol. 34, Issue 3, p. 309. Kroll, L. (2004) Easy.com, Easy Go. Forbes; Vol. 174, Issue 12, p. 138. McEnaney, T. (2005) Man with a mission, airline with a future. Irish Independent. Mergent Industry Reports (2005) Food Beverage – Europe. Morrisey G. (1996) A Guide to Long-Range Planning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Pearson, G. (1999) Strategy in Action. Prentice Hall. Ritson, M. (2003) Stelios shows theres an easy way to a smart pricing strategy. Marketing (UK); p. 16. Rogers, D. (2003) Not So Easy After All. Marketing (UK); p. 20. Stoelhorst, J.W. and van Raaij, E. M. (2004) On explaining performance differentials: Marketing and the managerial theory of the firm. Journal of Business Research; Vol. 57, Issue 5, p. 462. Wylie, I. (2003) In Movieland Not So Easy. Fast Company; Issue 75, p. 35.

Appreciation Due to Death :: Life Dying Essays

Appreciation due to Death Since the day the first man was created and then destroyed, a theory about life has been made. Everyday people take their lives for granted. But after they have faced mortal loss or life-threatening situations, their attitude towards life changes. They soon come to understand that the gift of life is to be appreciated and not taken for granted. Yulisa Amadu Maddy and T.S. Eliot are two writers who through their literature prove that death can change a person’s outlook on life. Both of these authors, however, express this theory differently. For instance Maddy, author of No Past, No Present, No Future, portrays this theory through the life stories of three very different African boys. Whether it is someone they care for or themselves, each one of these boys, throughout their life, is confronted or threatened by death. The story of Joe Bengoh’s life is one example of how Maddy shows that death can teach a person to appreciate life. Maddy begins Joe’s life story by showing readers his attitude towards life. He portrays it as an unappreciative and non-caring attitude. A reader knows this because in the beginning of the book Maddy describes how Joe’s drunken parents died in a house fire. When Joe finds out about this tragic event, he reacts by stating that "My father destroyed my mother; my mother inveighed against my father. Thank God they are dead"(4). By reading this, a reader can come to the conclusion that Joe despises his parents, doe s not care that they are gone, and has no appreciation for his life or anyone else’s. If he appreciated life, then he either would have felt sorry that the parents he hates lost their lives or he would have been thankful for not being in the fire. But Joe did not express any of these emotions; therefore meaning that he does not appreciate life. This ungrateful and unappreciative attitude of his, however, does not last. A number of life-threatening and mortal loss events happen to him. All of these events are the beginning stages to changing Joe’s outlook on life. They leave strong emotional and mental impacts on him, and force him to understand how to appreciate the life he is granted with. For example, it begins with the Mary incident. One summer Joe stayed at Ade John’s house and there they met a young, innocent girl named Mary. Appreciation Due to Death :: Life Dying Essays Appreciation due to Death Since the day the first man was created and then destroyed, a theory about life has been made. Everyday people take their lives for granted. But after they have faced mortal loss or life-threatening situations, their attitude towards life changes. They soon come to understand that the gift of life is to be appreciated and not taken for granted. Yulisa Amadu Maddy and T.S. Eliot are two writers who through their literature prove that death can change a person’s outlook on life. Both of these authors, however, express this theory differently. For instance Maddy, author of No Past, No Present, No Future, portrays this theory through the life stories of three very different African boys. Whether it is someone they care for or themselves, each one of these boys, throughout their life, is confronted or threatened by death. The story of Joe Bengoh’s life is one example of how Maddy shows that death can teach a person to appreciate life. Maddy begins Joe’s life story by showing readers his attitude towards life. He portrays it as an unappreciative and non-caring attitude. A reader knows this because in the beginning of the book Maddy describes how Joe’s drunken parents died in a house fire. When Joe finds out about this tragic event, he reacts by stating that "My father destroyed my mother; my mother inveighed against my father. Thank God they are dead"(4). By reading this, a reader can come to the conclusion that Joe despises his parents, doe s not care that they are gone, and has no appreciation for his life or anyone else’s. If he appreciated life, then he either would have felt sorry that the parents he hates lost their lives or he would have been thankful for not being in the fire. But Joe did not express any of these emotions; therefore meaning that he does not appreciate life. This ungrateful and unappreciative attitude of his, however, does not last. A number of life-threatening and mortal loss events happen to him. All of these events are the beginning stages to changing Joe’s outlook on life. They leave strong emotional and mental impacts on him, and force him to understand how to appreciate the life he is granted with. For example, it begins with the Mary incident. One summer Joe stayed at Ade John’s house and there they met a young, innocent girl named Mary.

Are Mobile Phones a Health Risk? Essay

Abstract In this report I aim to determine whether or not mobile phones pose a risk to our health. I will explain how mobile phone electromagnetic radiation can be perceived as dangerous, with reference to the EM spectrum. I will cite scientific sources of evidence which support both sides of the dispute, and will come to a reasoned conclusion as to how likely it is that mobile phones are a health risk. I will also evaluate the credibility of the sources used to support my conclusions, and list all the sources used throughout in a detailed bibliography. Introduction Mobile phones are becoming increasingly popular in today’s world; with around 80 million handsets in Britain, there are now more mobiles than people [1]. They’ve become an essential part of our existence, in business, in our daily lives and in keeping in touch with our loved ones – however, there is growing concern that this technology is causing serious health problems throughout the population, such as lasting brain damage and cancer. The Media consistently tends to portray mobile phones negatively, fuelling the public’s fears and misgivings: this study aims to determine from the scientific evidence whether or not mobile phones present a risk to our health. Main Points How might Mobile Phones be Hazardous to our Health? After studying numerous publications, I have found that if there are concerns about how mobile phones may pose a risk to the health of their users, they can be divided into two categories: The first is Electromagnetic Radiation from the phone damaging human cells and cause cancers and tumours. The second is that the EM radiation from the handset creates a heating effect. What is EM Radiation? EM radiation is something we are exposed to all the time: TVs, radios, satellite communications, etc all use EM waves to transmit information. Light is a form of EM radiation, as are the UV rays from the sun. The danger is that EM waves with a high frequency (UV rays, X-rays and gamma rays) are forms of ionizing radiation. This means that they have enough energy to damage cells and their DNA by stripping electrons from, or in very high energy radiation, even break apart the nucleus of atoms [2] and as such can cause genetic malfunctions which can lead to cancers. What are the Possible Dangers of Mobile Phone EM Radiation? Cancer-Inducing Effects of Radiation Mobile phones use microwaves in order to transmit their information, and not UV, X or gamma rays. Microwaves are not ionizing, and so are not as dangerous as the higher frequency EM waves. However, mobile phones are still relatively new technology, and the effects of prolonged exposure to non-ionizing radiation are still unknown, as is whether prolonged exposure to the microwaves of a mobile phone handset, especially so close to the brain, will cause any serious health damage. The Heating Effect of Radiation When EM radiation reaches an object, the photons’ energy causes the molecules of the surface they collide with to vibrate, creating thermal energy and warming the surface they collide with slightly. We use this everyday with infrared (another EM radiation) heaters etc. The concern here is that as handsets are held so close to the brain, this heating effect could warm the sensitive brain tissues, causing permanent damage. This, as well as the concerns about the possibly cancer-inducing radiation of handsets, is thought to be more of a risk in children, who have thinner skulls and a still-developing nervous system [4]. Physiological Effects of EM Radiation Effects of Low-Frequency (Non-Ionizing) EM Radiation In General It is important to remember that Mobile Phones utilise Microwave radiation, a non-ionizing form of radiation, so in my research I have also looked at the effects of low-frequency EM radiation in general; not just in the application of mobile phone technology. I have frequently found that concern for children specifically is raised as a common fear, and in the course of my research discovered an interesting study published by the Institute of Physics Publishing, which explored the effects of low-frequency electric and magnetic fields (i.e. those caused by EM radiation) on the foetus. The study concluded that the foetus was not exposed to electric and magnetic fields, though these fields were confirmed within the mother’s spinal chord. [5] Cancers and Brain Tumours due to Mobile Phone Radiation? The vast majority of recent publications agree that current evidence suggests that mobile phones (both the handsets and broadcasting/receiving masts) do not cause cancers or brain tumours – two very recent sources, one a joint-statement from the Nordic Radiation Safety Authorities, the other a Mobile Phone Fact-Sheet published by the Heath Physics Society, both agree that there is no evidence for mobile phones causing adverse health effects [6] [7]. However, the joint-statement goes on to acknowledge that the technology which uses radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation is still relatively new – only two decades old – and so active research must continue into finding out whether or not there are health dangers presented by radiofrequency radiation – this is a view agreed upon by the World Health Organization (WHO), which state the available evidence does not point towards any increased health risks attributable to mobile phone exposure, though further res earch and risk analysis should continue. [8] This said, the argument for mobile phones causing brain tumours still persists: the WHO also mentions that recent studies seem to suggest an increased risk of acoustic neuroma and certain brain tumours in users of analogue mobile phones for a time period greater than 10 years – A point corroborated by a 14 months study conducted by Dr Vini Gautam Khurana. Khurana’s study concludes that â€Å"Malignant brain tumours may take several years to develop, and the incidence of malignant brain tumours is increasing.† This suggests that mobile phones may have been causing brain tumours for several years previously, but due to the development period of these tumours, the effects would only just be becoming recognizable – and indeed the number of tumours is increasing. Khurana also goes on to address the point introduced by the WHO, that â€Å"There is a growing and statistically significant body of evidence reporting that brain tumours such as vestibular Schwannoma (acoustic neuroma) and astrocytoma are associated with â€Å"heavy† and â€Å"prolonged† mobile phone use, particularly on the same side as the â€Å"preferred ear† for telephony.† [9] In addition to Dr Khurana’s study, there are many older sources of information conjecturing about the issue – but most have been either outdated or discredited since their publication. Finally, it is worth noting that the International Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), one of the main bodies who set international non-ionising radiation safety limits, set these limits based only on the thermal effects (i.e. tissue heating) of mobile phone radiation [10], due to the fact that this is the only scientifically substantiated risk to humans from non-ionising radiation in large quantities – possible risks of cancer-inducement by the low-frequency radiation are not taken into account due to a lack of internationally accepted proof. Discussion After studying the scientific publications and evidence above, I am of the opinion that the EM radiation of mobile phones cannot cause brain tumours or cancer because of the effects of ionizing radiation, as the microwaves emitted by mobile phones are simply too low-frequency to have the energy required; however, I do agree with the views of the NRSA [6] and the WHO [8], that as the utilisation of radiofrequency EM radiation is still a relatively new technology, it cannot fully be known at present whether or not it can still pose a health risk in the form of causing tumours by some other factor, and so research must continue – until conclusive evidence is found, I believe we should adopt a precautionary approach, minimising our use of mobile phones for extended periods of time. I think that Dr Khurana [9] raises a very interesting point about the period of time needed for tumours to develop and their increasing incidence. This seems to me a plausible explanation for the current increases in tumour incidence; however, I believe it important to acknowledge that the apparent correlation between mobile phone usage and brain tumour incidence does not necessarily represent a causal link: the increase in tumour incidence comes at a time when improvements in diagnostic techniques are constantly being made, and also at a time when the world’s population is increasing dramatically, and so the incidence of tumours could be expected to likewise rise. Conclusion After considering the scientific evidence on both sides of the dispute, Are mobile phones a Health Risk? I personally have come to the conclusion that mobile phones are unlikely to cause brain tumours or cancers because of the EM radiation emitted by either the handsets or their base stations. I believe this because, firstly, mobile phones use microwave radiation to transmit data, and microwave radiation does not have enough energy to be ionizing – it is my opinion that the media has demonised radiation in all forms by highlighting the dangers of ionizing radiation (e.g. Gamma rays – which have been proven to cause cancers) and from this the fears about mobile phone EM radiation have spawned. Secondly, I believe this as the overwhelming majority of recent studies have not found concrete evidence to suggest that mobile phones can cause tumours. As to the danger of the heating effect EM radiation from mobile phones warming sensitive brain tissues and causing lasting damage, I believe that this is much more likely to present a potential health risk of mobile phones as, firstly, the scientific theory behind it seems sound to me – it is an established fact that colliding photons from EM waves imparts to the molecules of the surface collided with energy, which causes said molecules to vibrate and heat up, and secondly, in my opinion the fact that the ICRINP sets the international radiation safety levels based solely on this heating effect adds great weight to the plausibility of the argument that the heating effect of mobile phones could pose a health risk (although the EM emissions of mobile phones are well below these levels). Overall therefore, I believe that there is some possibility that prolonged use of mobile phones (and so prolonged exposure to the heating effect of the EM radiation) could amount to a potential health risk and could cause lasting brain damage. I agree with the recommendation of the WHO to adopt a precautionary approach to mobile phone use; to only use them for extended periods of time when absolutely necessary. Evaluation of Credibility of References * [6] The Joint-statement from the NRSA – one of the most recent sources available, meaning that its content is highly likely to be up-to-date. The combined expertise of the NRSA greatly increases the sources reliability, as does the reputation of providing accurate and honest information that these authorities have to uphold. However, it could be argued that some vested interest may exist as mobile phone giants Nokia and Erikson are based in Finland and Sweden respectively, and so the authorities may have been trying to protect their countries’ economies in the downturn by presenting mobile phones in a positive light. * [7] The HPS Mobile Phones Fact-sheet – this factsheet is again a very recent source, and again the HPS has a lot of expertise in matters of health-related physics; both of these factors increase the source’s credibility considerably. * [8] The WHO – although this source is quite old, which gives scope for it being outdated, the WHO is a very reputable source looked to internationally for recommendations for policy etc. due to its wealth of expertise and independence. These three factors all increase its credibility, and in my view outweigh the age of the source (and in any case, the WHO would have updated its information if required). * [9] Dr Khurana PhD, FRACS’s study – Dr Khurana is a highly qualified individual with great expertise in the field, and furthermore included in his study a period of over 14 months of his own research, meaning that he had a great ability to see the effects of radiation on health, both of which strengthen the source’s credibility. Bibliography of References * [1] Number of Mobile Phones in the UK statistic from: The Daily Mail – http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1224827/As-new-evidence-links-mobile-phones-greater-risk-tumours-using-cost-child-life.html Last Updated: 3/11/09 * [2]The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/understand/ionize_nonionize.html Last Updated: 22/10/09 * [3] Image of EM spectrum from: The Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency – http://www.arpansa.gov.au/mobilephones/mobiles1.cfm#1 * [4] Prof Kjell Mild, of Orbero University, Sweden – http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1565477/Mobile-phone-cancer-risk-higher-for-children.html Published: 8/10/07 * [5] The Institute of Physics Publishing – http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0031-9155/52/4/001/pmb7_4_001.pdf?request-id=2266623f-5097-4aa8-a71d-fa1e83b6a0fc Published: 17/1/07 * [6] Joint-statement from the NRSA – http://www.stuk.fi/stuk/tiedotteet/fi_FI/news_578/_files/82468261251448918/default/Nordic_Statement-EMF161109.pdf Published 19/11/09 * [7] HPS Mobile Phones Fact-Sheet – http://hps.org/documents/mobiletelephonefactsheet.pdf Adopted: September 2009 * [8] WHO – http://www.euro.who.int/HEN/Syntheses/MobilePhones/20061017_10 Last Updated 13/11/06 * [9] Dr Vini Khurana’s study – http://www.brain-surgery.us/mobph.pdf Copyrighted to G.Khurana 2008 * [10] The Human Ecological Social Economical Project – http://www.hese-project.org/hese-uk/en/niemr/icnirp.php Accessed 13/12/09 * [11] Image of Ionizing Radiation from: radiation, Science and Health inc. – http://www.radscihealth.org/RSH/docs/Pollycove98_Ottawa.html